Business of war and war of the business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Business of war and war of the business - Essay Example Life and Debt is a narrative dependent on A Small Place by Jamaica Kincaid. Discharged in 2001, Life and Debt break down the monetary and social situation of Jamaica with the conversation of global money related establishments like International Monetary Fund (IMF) and World Bank’s sway on Jamaica’s full scale condition. In addition, the effect of globalization and worldwide money related institutions’ basic changes on Jamaica’s economy are additionally examined in the 80 moment long narrative. The narrative won 8 universally famous honors because of the belief system introduced in the narrative (Internet Movie Database line 1-10). Ruler of war was discharged in 2005 and is considered as having a place with wrongdoing war film classification. Delivered and coordinated by Andrew Niccol, Lord of War depicts the life of an unlawful seller of arms and presents the therapy of Yuri Orlov. Nicolas Cage has assumed the stay job in the film as Yuri Orlov and most o f the piece of the film spins around recognizing its crowd that how worldwide arm sellers adds to the continuous wars in various pieces of the world for expanding benefit of their business (Internet Movie Database line 1-8). Most importantly, the spotlight would be laid on the mise en scene that these two movies depended on. The two motion pictures venture the decayed situation of two unique however monetarily comparable social orders at first. Ruler of war begins with the assembling of projectile at a Soviet firm and its shipment to an African combat area, along these lines reflecting how the gun exchange is compounding the effectively most noticeably terrible situation in African countries like Zimbabwe, Congo and Somalia. Then again, Life and Debt begins with the voice once again of lead craftsman recounting to the account of Jamaica’s budgetary system’s pulverization in the hand of worldwide money related organizations and their endeavors to execute globalization s trategies into the business frameworks of Jamaica. In this sense, the plots of these two motion pictures are practically same, yet Lord of war centers around recognizing its crowd about how arms sellers make wars in various areas of the world with the goal that their incomes continue expanding. While, Life and obligation centers around recognizing its crowd about how money related establishments of the world had utilized their influence to madden war of business and funds in Jamaica. As such, both these movies are same to one another with regards to anticipating war culture in various motion pictures and the social maltreatment that business submit towards various countries of the world. And yet, these films differentiation to one another to the extent the fundamental instrument anticipated in both of the motion pictures, for example guns utilized in Lord of War and money related assets used to make war in Life and Debt. The greatest similitude between Lord of War and Life and Debt is that these motion pictures centers around conveying the message that business ought not overlook their social obligation and moral limits to extend the size of their incomes. Ruler of war clarifies how Yuri Orlov carried out himself to worldwide violations by offering weapons to aggressor powers in Africa. While managing African despots and aggressors, Yuri overlooked his social duties and disregarded the honest individuals who will be murdered with the weapons he sold. Indeed, even he didn't considered his brother’s passing and wife’

Fundamentals of Microeconomics Essay

Macroeconomics characterized as â€Å"the investigation of the economy all in all, which incorporates swelling, joblessness, business cycles, and growth† (Colander, G-5). There are numerous essentials that influence the economy in both a decent and terrible way. These basics influence the economy, and they additionally show the development of the economy. The basics are total national output (GDP), genuine GDP, ostensible GDP, joblessness rate, expansion rate, and loan cost. Characterizing the basics Total national output is â€Å"the all out market estimation of every single last great and administrations delivered in an economy in a one-year period† (Colander, G-3). Gross domestic product computation is significant on the grounds that it figures the development, decrease, or stop have the economy. At the point when the GDP is ascertain, it is base on past numbers not future numbers. For instance, the GDP is +2%, which implies a development of 2% for the earlier year. Genuine Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is â€Å"the showcase estimation of conclusive merchandise and ventures delivered in an economy, expressed in the costs of the provider year† (Colander, G-7). Genuine GDP is a swelling proportion of the creation of merchandise and enterprises in the economy. It reflects value changes consistently. The genuine GDP is base more on sensible numbers rather than a speculation. The estimation is progressively precise concerning the GDP for the earlier year. Ostensible to tal national output is ascertain at existing costs. Ostensible GDP doesn't reflect swelling and is known as â€Å"current dollar GDP.† Nominal GDP can either be higher or lower than the GDP. At the point when ostensible GDP is ascertain without reflecting expansion, which can show a higher development in the economy when it is lower or at a halt. Joblessness rate is â€Å"the level of individuals in the economy who are willing and ready to work yet who are not working† (Colander, G-9). The joblessness rate is compute each month, and it shows the individuals who are searching for work. This rate does exclude singular like the older, individuals working just a couple of hours a week or individuals who don't send resumes into various business. The joblessness rate shows that dependent on the quantity of individuals in the United States, a specific rate is effectively searching for work yet has not looked for some kind of employment. Swelling Rate is the rate pace of progress in cost over a specific period generally a year. The expansion rate is ascertain utilizing a year ago cost for a specific thing to decide the amount it will cost. Swelling rate decides the cost of numerous things that incorporate the cost of the dollar. At the point when individual computes the swelling rate, it can help other people decide whether today is smarter to purchase certain items or later. Loan cost is â€Å"the cost paid for the utilization of money related asset† (Colander, G-4). Loan fee is a sure rate that an individual needs to pay on obtaining cash or buying something. The financing cost is base on the FICO assessment and the thing buy. The rate can go from being an exceptionally low number to as high as 10 percent. Buying of Groceries The acquisition of goods influences government, family units, and business every day. The legislature decides the duty put when family buy food supplies. Each family unit in the United States buy staple goods to endure. The organizations are influenced by basic food item buy through the buy. The business is influenced by the buys made in light of the fact that it shows what is being buy more and what is being buy less. The progression of assets occur in proceeds with round movement. Some staple goods are get by the business from the neighborhood food preparing plants. The workers at the neighborhood business put the things on the racks and goods are prepared for sell. The family unit individuals buy some food supplies from the business and pay the expenses government put on the things. This keeps on occurring every day and will consistently proceed. Monstrous cutback of workers The progression of assets happens, and it influences organizations in both great and terrible ways. Most business can representative the past laid-off workers to permit assessments to be paid. At the point when organizations can't utilize more workers, jobless don't request great and administrations. At the point when representatives are cutback, there is no salary coming into the family unit. The family unit is influenced in light of the fact that there is no salary, which consequently implies less great and administration that can be buy. At the point when huge cutbacks of representatives occur in the economy, it influences government since they are paying joblessness advantages, Medicaid, and giving food stamps and more government assistance to those qualified. Abatement in charges At the point when the administration chooses to diminish charge, it influences everybody in an unexpected way. Government is influenced positively, yet it happens over the long haul gracefully and request bend. The legislature is losing more in light of the fact that charges are lower yet more cash is being get. Over the long haul gracefully and request, the legislature gets more cash in light of the fact that the family unit is buying all the more great and administrations. The family unit is energize in light of the fact that more cash is coming into the family in light of the fact that assessments are lower. The lower the assessment, the more pay, which mean all the more great and administrations are being buy. Organizations are energize in light of the fact that more products and ventures are being buy. The progression of assets happens and is influenced over the long haul gracefully and request bend. References Colander, D.C. (2010). Macroeconomics (eighth ed.) Boston, MA: McGraw-Hill/Irwin.

Political science state centered and power centered free essay sample

Man in nature is a social being. He can't exist alone and can unquestionably not act naturally adequate. He is conceived and stays in the public arena where he connects with individual people. Man’s communication with others in the public arena in the long run shows his narrow-mindedness and factious nature. The individual is mind boggling. In this manner as men live and communicate in the public arena, there emerges the requirement for rules and acknowledged type of conduct. The guideline and execution of these standards are what realize request in the public eye. The controllers and masters of these guidelines and laws are what comprise what is called government. As per Heywood (2007) the administration is made by people and for people (populace), it exists to serve their requirements and interests. This administration subsequently is engaged with a relationship with the remainder of society. Individuals include needs inside nature where there are assets and as such they set expectations to the framework (government) where procedures occur and choices and arrangements are passed once more into the earth reacting to the requests recently made. The control that manages man according to his legislature is what is alluded to as political theory. In any case, there is no single or by and large acknowledged perspective on political theory the same number of scholars have given numerous and various clarifications of legislative issues. The point of this article is to talk about political theory as political theory state-focused and political theory power-focused and to feature the distinctions and likenesses between the two. Political researchers study matters concerning the designation and move of intensity in dynamic, the jobs and frameworks of administration including governments and global associations, political conduct and open strategies. They measure the achievement of administration and explicit arrangements by inspecting numerous components, including security, equity, material riches, and harmony. (Http://en. wikipedia. organization/w/file. php? title=Political_scienceoldid=572424779). As the term is political theory, it is a part of sociologies among others like financial matters, human science, humanities, brain science and so forth. The term science as indicated by JR Bond (n. d) refered to in Beck et. al (1986) â€Å"implies the utilization of logical strategies. Science has had various implications in various occasions ever. In the age-old science information was for the most part picked up by simply examining. In the cutting edge utilization, science is a strategy for learning dependent on deliberate perception utilizing the logical technique. † Politics as a science alludes to the game-plan through which political theory as a scholarly claim to fame has come to utilize the logical technique for the creation and circulation of information about governmental issues. Beck et. al expresses that â€Å"the investigation of governmental issues includes compromise henceforth legislative issues characterized by Harold Lasswell as the goals of contention over who gets what, when and how. The what is the specific item offered out to the individuals for example in instruction. The when is the planning and the how is the strategy utilized for dispersion. In legislative issues, the term science is viewed as exact and real information bolstered by measured and experimental proof. Some political researchers currently view legislative issues as a science since they gather measured information and control it measurably to help a speculation. The information is continually assembled until it underpins or sums up human conduct and this structures speculations called hypotheses. A few speculations are firm to such an extent that they are called laws. Along these lines, political investigation collects information which is the first significance of the term science. Along these lines, governmental issues as a science identifies with information obtained through methodical conventions that is utilized to clarify human conduct in a general public. It is information that depends on observational information or proof or confirmation thus it is objective. † The subject of political theory has had various perspectives and subsequently various hypotheses, thoughts and ideas have emerged out thereof: those, for example, political theory state-focused and political theory power-focused. As indicated by Aristotle political theory is an investigation a man in the administering of himself. At the end of the day it is an investigation of state undertakings. A state is a mandatory political association with a concentrated government that keeps up an imposing business model of the real utilization of power inside a specific geological domain. Other conventional masterminds, for example, Paul Janet and Jelineck likewise characterized political theory is an investigation of state issues in particular. This implies man, the legislature and their relationship are contemplated. This is political theory state focused. The position and impact over society is held in the state alone as a free substance. The focal point of study is on the state and the state or state undertakings as it were. State-focused burdens the job of the administration on society. Its center is that the state itself can keep up political life somewhat autonomously of the manner in which force is designated between society classes. It ought to likewise be clarified that the legislature is their or exists so as to arrange society accordingly fulfilling the necessities of man or society or the populace.. This is on the grounds that the social orders or man’s needs and needs are boundless. Along these lines a legislature needs to exist to fulfill them. A portion of the obligations that legislature acts so as to fulfill the necessities of society are: To give lawfulness. It is the obligation of the state to make that the general public is decided under law and that request is kept up. Rules and laws are what advance request even in the public arena where the wants and goals of the individuals are not the equivalent. For Ulimwengu (n. d) the state likewise gives training to the general public. It is a piece of people’s want to be proficient and instructed. Under state focused the legislature The state government advances the state economy and to assume operational responsibility for most government programs for people, for example, social projects and hazard the board. Since incomes would be redistributed by this redistribution of authoritative obligations, the states would have the assets to support the exercises gained from government control. (Norman, 12 August, 2008). Corresponding to the state’s job in the economy, Heywood (2007) states that the deformities of the industrialist framework can be amended by the state through a procedure of monetary and social designing; the state is the overseer of open or normal intrigue. The state gives security inside the fringes of the state. This is security from both outside the state and inside the state (Norman, 12 August, 2008). As per Ulimwengu (n. d) the state gives and protects a scope of merchandise, both substantial and elusive, that guarantee its kin of a safe open space wherein they can live and love, deliver and repeat, and seek after the pleasure in the their rewards for so much hard work and love. Heywood makes reference to that the genuine job of government is restricted to the insurance of ‘life, freedom and property’. In this manner the elements of governments ought not reach out past the ‘minimal’ elements of safeguarding open request and securing property, giving resistance against outside assault and guaranteeing that agreements are authorized. Political theory power-focused draws its significance from the force scholars who considered political theory not to be an investigation of the state business in particular yet can be extended to different establishments like worker's guilds, business affiliations, places of worship, non-legislative associations, Academia, Student and Youth Organizations, Professional Bodies, Cultural Associations and Kinship Networks, global associations comprehensive and different foundations which assume significant jobs in the battle for power, ethically, monetarily and politically on society. Not at all like political theory state focused, here the state and these non-state on-screen characters share power. Force might be characterized by the Concise Oxford English Dictionary as the ability to impact the conduct of others, the feelings or the course of occasions. It can likewise be characterized as the capacity of an individual or a gathering to impact the convictions and activities of others. It is the capacity to impact occasions. Force can be close to home force (http//en,Wikipedia. organization/wiki/political_science. power_versus_authority). This would along these lines imply that not just the state has an effect on society yet the non-state entertainers too. Political theory power-focused is for the most part about force or force governmental issues. Under this can see legislative issues as who gets what, when and how (Lasswell refered to in Beck, et. al, 1986). This is comparable to the impact and authority that is communicated on society and its association. As per Ulimwengu (n. d) ‘it is commonly perceived that the way toward building a skilled state requires the interest of all the essential powers of a country. A fit state is one that has all the properties of a cutting edge, solid, mindful and responsive express, a state able to do successfully releasing its obligations of conveying security, harmony, flourishing and other pubic merchandise to its kin. Despite the fact that the state has generally been considered as the point of convergence of this procedure, different parts, including non-state ones, have a significant task to carry out, and the significance of this job has become essentially over the recent decades as the restrictions of the post-provincial state in accommodating the necessities of its kin have been made very clear. It is in this manner imperative to distinguish these different on-screen characters and perceive those regions wherein they can contribute, and have to be sure contributed, to the procedure, just as to acknowledge better their tendency, their method of mediation, the requirements hampering their activity just as to investigate manners by which their cooperation can be rendered progressively productive. ’ A case of the job that non-state on-screen characters may play because of intensity sharing is that of

Dramatization of Isolation in Nathaniel Hawthorne’s `the Scarlet Letter’ Essay

Nathaniel Hawthorne in The Scarlet Letter underscores the topic of confinement all through the entire novel. Utilizing an assortment of artistic strategies and portrayals of feelings and nature, Hawthorne can completely delineate the internal sentiments of hurt endured by the focal characters because of extreme forlornness and disconnection. The agonizing of disconnection, are experienced by the key figures, Hester Prynne, Arthur Dimmesdale, and Roger Chillingworth, each because of various circumstances and to different degrees. These characters experience an excursion, which isolates them from society. Such an excursion permits them to investigate their requirements and wants in an existential journey that at last permits them to perceive themselves as people. This excursion follows an example of fall, renunciation, and recovery. The Scarlet Letter is principally worried about the considerations and sentiments of Hester Prynne. Hester, being a pariah of society, encounters the most clear and obvious type of confinement. As an image of transgression, Hester is seen by the exacting Puritanical town as an untouchable, a nearness of malevolence, and, eventually, one who is loathed by God. The town’s unforgiving judgment of Hester is uncovered through a neighborhood woman’s remark, â€Å"†¦at the least, they ought to have put the brand of hot iron on Hester Prynne’s forehead† (Hawthorne, 36). In spite of the fact that this critical mentality towards Hester does in the long run improve, because of her numerous altruistic works for poor people, she never genuinely escapes the sentiments of forlornness and isolation present in her life. This reality is additionally worried by Hawthorne’s rejection of all discussion what's more, discoursed, an utilization of setting and structure, in part five to exhibit that Hester has definitely no correspondence with the world past her periodic outings to town to get and convey weaving orders, depicted as â€Å"dark and inscrutable.† The timberland, conversely, gives Hester a segregated natural surroundings where she may look for truth and break the glares of mankind, however at the same time downcast and alone. Disconnected from the requirements forced by living in such a harsh culture through the public’s scorn and her own dismissal of the nearby convictions, Hawthorne’s hero encounters freedom from the shackles of the community’s grave way to deal with life. Hester Prynne considers new thoughts, which could never have happened to her were she not expelled from the general people by her fall. Hawthorne portrays this liberation composing, Alone, and miserable of recovering her position, even had she not disdained to think of it as attractive, †she cast away the pieces of a wrecked chain. The world’s law was no law for her mind†¦. In her friendless cabin, by the shore, musings visited her, for example, set out to enter no other dwelling in New England. (Hawthorne, 151) This entry portrays the impact of separation on Hester. The â€Å" sections of a severed chain’’ she throws represent the repression of New England’s strict philosophy. The line â€Å" the world’s law was no law for her mind’’ outlines her deserting of this faith’s principles, which permits her experience contemplations that â€Å" set out to enter no other dwelling in New England.’’ The forlornness of Hester’s ejection from society gives her an opportunity of insight that can't be found in culture represented by inflexible conviction framework. In any case, it demonstrates hard to acknowledge contemplations that demand the feelings to which the red letter’s carrier has been subject so long. The impact of Hester’s years spent isolated from the impact of public’s convictions and laws are clear: For a considerable length of time past she looked from this offended perspective at human foundations, and whatever ministers or officials have built up ; scrutinizing all with scarcely more veneration than the Indian would feel for the administrative band, the legal robe, the pillory , the hangman's tree , the fireside, or the congregation. The propensity of her destiny and fortunes had been to liberated her. The red letter was her identification into districts where other lady challenged not track. (Hawthorne, 183). She presently openly denounces practices of the mainstays of New England people group, testing the congregation while disavowing the reverends’ declaration of God’s will and magistrates’ laws. Hester openly reprimands the substances which make structure and limitation in the public eye. Like the local people groups, who hold no connections to Christian confidence or laws, she does this without regret or uncertainty in regards to her soul’s future. An increasingly private and shrouded sentiment of segregation and distance is passed on through Arthur Dimmesdale. Not at all like Hester, who has been tossed into an existence of downfall by society, Dimmesdale incurs this destruction upon himself. Dimmesdale, incapable and reluctant to freely uncover his wrongdoing, keeps on being spooky by his own blame, and thus feels inward disconnection towards mankind. In any case, the whole town holds onto Dimmesdale as a detachment of God and â€Å"a supernatural occurrence of holiness† who ought to be enormously appreciated and regarded. Incomprehensibly, Dimmesdale sees himself as an underhanded devil and rebuffed himself with day by day misuse and starvation. At long last, when Dimmesdale at last releases his blame and disgrace, he surrenders to infection and passes on, feeling for the absolute first time, genuine bliss and harmony. As the offensive retribution looking for antagonist of the novel, Roger Chillingworth experiences the most hid and cloud type of detachment. Not exclusively is he genuinely isolated from his buddy, Hester, and the townspeople, who presume insidious mediation, but on the other hand is intellectually confined from himself. To display this change, Hawthorne communicates the character of Roger Chillingworth basically through private consideration; Chillingworth uncovered his actual self just through his contemplations. With exemption to Hester, Chillingworth addresses no other individual about his arrangements or thought processes. Following his pledge to reveal Hester’s mystery darling, Chillingworth gradually starts to lose his actual personality to the fiend. Such unadulterated underhandedness causes Chillingworth to in the end pull back from his earlier life and disengage himself to live in a world, which through his eyes, just contains sharpness and detest. Despite the fact that Hester, Dimmesdale, and Chillingworth all experience confinement, each bears an alternate perspective and to different degrees. Hester is distanced from her individual man and is totally cut off from an existence of standard and typicality. Then again, Dimmesdale, basically the town’s open figure, feels alone in the way that he is the sole individual, other than Hester, to truly comprehend the genuine man inside himself. This horrifying injury is solid to the point that it in the long run ends his life. In any case, Chillingworth is the character that experiences the most brutal and horrifying type of torment. To give up to wickedness and watch oneself bit by bit wilt away because of one’s own decision is one of the most excruciating agonies known to man. The anguish of detachment that Hester and Dimmesdale experience, which straightforwardly reaches out to Chillingworth’s trouble, is brought about by the firm conviction, by the town, that they are answerable for the killing of all current sin on hearty, however they themselves sin. Also, Hawthorne clarifies that society, in making a decision about individuals as indicated by what they themselves accept to be appropriate and moral is, horrifyingly to profess to be perfect and equivalent to the predominance of God himself. All these key figures, Hester Prynne, Arthur Dimmesdale, and Roger Chillingworth, experience a profound excursion where a fall segregates them from society. This detachment gives another point of view on the gathering they were at one time a piece of that causes the tumbled to repudiate the convictions and practices of their peers. As they separation themselves from the world, these characters push off the shackles made by the impact of other’s peopleâ €™s musings and philosophies. Discharge from these limitations permits them to take a gander at the general public they have abandoned and size up where life should lead, as opposed to tolerating the jobs that others have set upon them. Works Cited Hawthorne, Nathaniel. The Scarlet Letter. New York, NY: Bantam Books, 1986.Print. â€Å"Isolation in the Scarlet Letter† StudyMode.com. Web.06 Aug 2013. . â€Å"Isolation Through Symbolism in Nathaniel Hawthorne’s The Scarlet Letter.† 123HelpMe.com. Web. 04 Aug 2013 SparkNotes Editors. â€Å"SparkNote on The Scarlet Letter.† SparkNotes.com. SparkNotes LLC. 2003. Web. 1 Aug. 2013.

Athena-Goddess of War and Wisdom essays

Athena-Goddess of War and Wisdom articles Athena was conceived from a human lady named Metis, (which means astuteness) and fathered by Zeus, lord of the divine beings. The story begins by Zeus accepting Metis as his significant other. Not long after she got pregnant. The divine beings Gaea, mother-earth, and the brilliant Uranus, lord of the sky, discovered that Metis was pregnant and offered Zeus some guidance. The two of them revealed to Zeus that Metis would bring forth a kid who might come to be more shrewd and a far superior warrior than he. Under advisement of Gaea and Uranus he gulped Metis before she could conceive an offspring expecting that the youngster would topple him. In more current content, the narrative of Athenas birth is depicted with deceit, by a shrewd Zeus, wherein he first transforms Metis into a fly and afterward swallows her. At the point when opportunity arrived for the introduction of the youngster, Hephaestus (child of Zeus and Hera) took a hatchet to the head of Zeus and split it open. Once more, in more current content, Athena is brought into the world inside her dad and discharges herself with her sharp edge removing herself. With a roarin! g cry Athena sprung out of Zeuss head. She was completely developed and wearing her fight covering. In one hand she conveyed a shield and in the other a lance and she wore a cap of gold. Athena girl of Zeus was near her dad since she was conceived from him. Zeus developed to appreciate her. What's more, this is the introduction of Athena, goddess of war and shrewdness. Athena is the little girl of Zeus. She was extremely near her dad since she was conceived from him. This is a story that shows that Athena, in the same way as other divine beings, have negligible feelings, similar to desire, and they are much the same as that of humans. Arachne was an understudy of Athena. Arachne was conceived from a low class family. Her dad Idmon, colored fleece professionally. Athena had instructed Arachne well in expressions and specialties. Arachne would draw a horde of fairies each time she began an embroidered artwork. They would watch with wonder as she accumulated unworked fleece and transformed it into ... <!

Leadership in energy business - Free Essay Example

INTRODUCTION The title of the project is Analysis of HR practices followed by ONGC with reference to TRAINING, PERFORMANCE APPRAISAL and SAP-HR MODULE . The internship encompasses understanding the unique HR practices employed by the organisation in PSU to enrich and sustain the culture of integrity, belongingness, teamwork, accountability and innovation, and enhance employee competencies continuously. The purpose of this project to be given is to understand the practical working and effectiveness of the core HR responsibilities with special concentration on: Training Performance Appraisal SAP-HR Module The scope of this study is to comprehend and adopt the practical working environment of an organisation. Here, a link has to be formed between the academic study and the actual in-world implementations of the knowledge. Its important to realize the effect of proper training on employees, transparency in the appraisal process and up to date technological support in the HR stream. For the above study, data is collected from various primary as well as secondary sources. Basic and general information is gathered from the library which comprises of various HR journals and magazines (names are mentioned in references). Interviews are taken of the employees and questionnaires are prepared and surveys are done. Various inputs are provided by the Company Guide during formal and informal meetings. Overview of TRAINING Training employees do have a significant role in modern business era. As an HR manager, the responsibility is to utilize the HR resources optimally and develop the skills of the employees so that they can contribute to the growth of the organization as well as to their personal growth. It leads to improved organization culture. Therefore, its important to understand: What different kinds of trainings / workshops are conducted by the organization? What are the criteria of nominations? How nominations are done? How many training sessions have to be conducted in a year? (Training Calendar) What the employees think about the training sessions? Training objective tell the trainee that what is expected out of him at the end of the training program. Training objectives are of great significance from a number of stakeholder perspectives, Trainer Trainee Designer Evaluator Trainer -The training objective is also beneficial to trainer because it helps the trainer to measure the progress of trainees and make the required adjustments. Also, trainer comes in a position to establish a relationship between objectives and particular segments of training. Trainee -The training objective is beneficial to the trainee because it helps in reducing the anxiety of the trainee up to some extent. Not knowing anything or going to a place which is unknown creates anxiety that can negatively affect learning. Therefore, it is important to keep the participants aware of the happenings, rather than keeping it surprise. Secondly, it helps in increase in concentration, which is the crucial factor to make the training successful. The objectives create an image of thetraining program in trainees mind that actually helps in gaining attention.Thirdly, if the goal is set to be challenging and motivating, then the likelihood of achieving those goals is much higher than the situation in which no goal is set. Therefore,training objectiveshelps in increasing the probability that the participants will be successful in training. Designer -The training objective is beneficial to the training designer because if the designer is aware what is to be achieved in the end then hell buy the training package according to that only. The training designer would then look for the training methods, training equipments, and training content accordingly to achieve those objectives. Furthermore, planning always helps in dealing effectively in an unexpected situation. Consider an example; the objective of one training program is to deal effectively with customers to increase the sales. Since the objective is known, the designer will designthat will include ways to improve the interpersonal skills, such as verbal and non verbal language, dealing in unexpected situation i.e. when there is a defect in a product or when a customer is angry.Therefore, without any guidance, the training may not be designed appropriately. Evaluator -It becomes easy for thetraining evaluatorto measure the progress of the trainees because the objectives define the expected performance of trainees. Training objective is an important to tool to judge the performance of participants. Systematic model training consists of five phases. The training should achieve the purpose of helping employee to perform their work to required standards. The steps are as follows: Analyze and identify the trainingneeds i.e. to analyze the department, job, employees requirement, who needs training, what do they need to learn, estimating training cost, etc The next step is to develop a performance measure on the basis of which actual performance would be evaluated. Design and provide training to meet identified needs. This step requires developing objectives of training, identifying the learning steps, sequencing and structuring the contents. Develop, this phase requires listing the activities in thetraining programthat will assist the participants to learn, selecting delivery method, examining the training material, validating information to be imparted to make sure it accomplishes all the goals objectives. Implementing is the hardest part of the system because one wrong step can lead to the failure of whole training program. Evaluating each phase so as to make sure it has achieved its aim in terms of subsequent work performance. Making necessary amendments to any of the previous stage in order to remedy or improve failure practices. Overview of PERFORMANCE APPRAISAL A very important function of the human resources department for any organization, are conducted to gauge the net worth of all its employees. Appraisal methods benefit the organization immensely. The aim of appraisals is to improve the present performance of the employees and draw on the future potential. The HR department undertakes this processes usually annually in which they procure, analyze and document facts about the performances of the employees of the organization. This provides employees and managers with opportunities to discuss areas in which employees excel and those in which employees need improvement. Performance appraisal in ONGC is conducted annually also known as E-PAR. All organizations practice performance appraisal in one form or another to achieve certain objectives. These objectives may vary from organization to organization or even within the same organization from time to time. It has been found that there are two primary objectives behind the use of this meth odology. One is to use it as an evaluation system and second, to use it as a feedback system. The aim of the evaluation system is to identify the performance gap. This means that it helps determine the gap between the actual performance of the employee and that required or desired by the organization. The aim of the feedback system is to inform the employee about the quality of his work or performance. This is an interactive process by which the employee can also speak about his problems to his superior. An effective performance appraisal system should emphasis individual objectives, organizational objectives and also mutual objectives. From the viewpoint of individual objective the performance appraisal should talk about What task the individual is expected to do? How well the individual has done the task? How can his performance be further improved? His reward for doing well. From the organizational view point a performance appraisal should generate manpower information, improve efficiency and effectiveness serve as a mechanism of control and provide a rational compensation structure. In short the appraisal system establishes and upholds the principle of accountability in the absence of which organization failure is the only possible outcome. Overview of SAP-HR Module SYSTEMS, APPLICATIONS AND PRODUCTS IN DATA PROCESSING- SAP. It is an enterprise resources planning Software Company based in Germany.It integrates all the functional units of an organization into a unified one.It deals with various activities done in the human resource department of an organization, such as, Personnel administration, personnel development, training and event management, payroll etc. SAP- HR Module distinguishes between task, job, position, and person. It provides access to all HR data and transactions in one location. Advanced SAP HR features are time management, payroll, travel management, training and development. Advantages of implementing SAP HR Module : Saves time and money, and improves information for decision making and Planning. Greater automation ensures greater accuracy. Improved reporting capability. Improved employee history data. Better budgeting, compensation adjustment. MAIN TEXT The information extracted from the primary and secondary sources of data pertaining to training, appraisal, and SAP HR module are as below: TRAINING ONGC accords top- most priority in the development of Human Resource through quality training, qualification up gradation programs and accreditation programs. ONGC also has the expertise to conduct customized training programs for its partners. In ONGC, there are following training institutes which are engaged in meeting, training and development needs of the vast human resource of the organization by designing and organizing training programs focused on organizational needs. ONGC has five training institutes of its own all across the country, viz. ONGC Academy, Dehradun Institute of Petroleum Safety Health and Environment Management, Goa School of Maintenance Practices, Vadodara Institute of Drilling Technology, Dehradun Institute of Oil and Gas Production Technology, Mumbai The training Institutes of ONGC are committed to : Impart best in class training programs across the entire industry. Continuously evolve training programs based on feedback from the participants. Provide training solutions to the corporation and partners, both from Indian and foreign, covering entire spectrum of operations. Providing best in class infrastructural facilities for the training programs. Focusing training programs on the emerging business opportunities of the corporation. ONGC measures its training in MANDAYS i.e. 01 man * 3days of training = 3 MANDAYS 10 men * 3 days of training = 30 MANDAYS Minimum target of 1400 MANDAYS are set per year. Training provided by ONGC is broadly divided into Three categories: Safety Technical Interpersonal skills During the internship study of various trainings programs are done in order to understand the objectives and deliverables. 1. SMP (Senior Management Programme) Program overview objectives: Since ONGC is extending its operations to various parts of the world, it is imperative that ONGC executives are exposed to International perspective and develop a mindset of global managers. Keeping this in view a comprehensive program has been specially designed for E-5 level Executives of ONGC. The program aims at: Understanding global perspective and developing a mindset of managing at international level. Build Customer Centric Work Culture Inculcating a mindset of Transformational leadership Evolving a culture of innovation and creativity ONGC Academy is in collaboration with MDI , Gurgaon for SMP 2. AMP (Advanced Management Programme) Program overview objectives: Designed for senior executives of ONGC to achieve the following objectives: Develop awareness and appreciation of the emerging business environment and its implications for the future of ONGC Help the participants to recognize the requisite mindset to make ONGC, a world-class organization Develop insights into the organizational processes that drive excellence Expose the participants to the best in business practices. ONGC Academy is in collaboration with IIM, lucknow . ONGC also provides Overseas Learning Sessions which includes visit to EP Industries and Executives meet in European / Western countries for exposure to best in Business Class Practices. E6and above level executives are eligible for AMP. For choosing the candidates for training / workshop sessions, nominations are done. Circulars are rotated to the Head of each department and they recommend the names of those employees which they think are appropriate to undergo the training. The institute plans and conducts training programs professional areas which involve holistic approach of management in effective accomplishment of various integrated tasks. 3. Executive Excellence through SMET, HOLSYM and Yoga Techniques Program objectives and Overview: The multi- dimensional etiological factors for stress need a multidimensional solution at physical, mental, emotional and intellectual levels. Yoga provides this holistic solution. Self Management of Excessive Tensions is the basic concept for designing this program for executives. The program aims at: Help participants understand the nature and sources of stress in individuals and in organisations, and enable them to understand the relationship of Stress to Managerial Effectiveness. Familiarise the participants with the techniques dealing with individual stress and Organisational stress and give them an opportunity to practice some techniques of Stress Management. Its a 5- days program conducted in Swami Vivekananda Yoga Anusandhana Samsthana , Bengaluru. 4. Global Managers Program objectives and Overview: Todays business environment has created many challenges where managers need to think globally as the world is transforming into a Global Village. The program is designed: To provide professionals with a proactive approach to deal with cultural diversity in todays multi- cultural environment. To understand the domestic Business ethics, values and practices and as well as best global practices. To prepare the participants for the challenges ahead in the highly competitive global environment. ONGC is in collaboration with IIM, Bengaluru for this 5- days progam. 5. Self Development Program for Women Employees Program objectives and Overview: The effectiveness of women employees depends upon the ability to manage multiple roles. The program has been especially designed to focus on the demands of these multiple roles and skills set required for effective performance. The program caters to up needs of women professions facing the challenges of work family balance. The objectives of the program are: To develop basic values of life to make them effective at home and work place. To be able to identify individual goals and align those with organization goals. To increase personal motivation to do the best possible in the most effective way. To appraise the participants on various issues involved in personal growth and effectiveness. To increase personal motivation to do best possible in the most effective way. To make participants aware of their strength and areas of potential development 6. Train- The- Trainer Course Program objectives and Overview: The program focuses on the Adult Learning Process, is built around the Three Wheels of Mastery Expertise, Planning and Presenting, Engaging and Facilitating, which are essential for Internal Faculty members/ Black Belts for motivating others to apply Six Sigma on the job and for enhancing and accelerating their learning process. ONGC provides many discipline specific programs for is employees. Some Exploration Programs: Petroleum Risk and Decision Analysis Latest trends and Development in Estimation of Oil and Gas Reserves Workshop on Basin Evaluation and Modelling Techniques in Deep Water Depositional Systems Some Production Programs: Developments in Stimulation techniques and Candidate Well selection Advances in Water Control Technology Advances in Natural Gas Engineering Reservoir Engineering for Production Operations Some Engineering Programs: Welding and Inspection CAD for Mechanical and Process Logistics Management Flow Measurement and Instrumental Practice PERFORMANCE APPRAISAL Performance appraisal report is an index of an employees work performance over a given period of time. It is crucial for his or her career growth as it indicates the strengths, weaknesses, training needs, nature of job being performed and problems faced in work situation. The objectives of the performance appraisal system at ONGC are: To set norms and targets of work performance, as well as, to monitor the work progress of employees. To facilitate placement of employees in accordance with their suitability for different types of assignments. To provide an objective basis for determination of merit, efficiency and suitability for the purpose of promotion. To identify areas requiring exposure for training and development. The performance appraisal system seeks to evaluate: The work performance of an employee on the present job in relation to the expected levels of performance, both qualitative and quantitative. The extent of development achieved by the employee during the period under review. Evaluation of behavioural attributes, attitudes and abilities. Evaluation of potentials for assuming higher responsibility. Appraisal is done in three stages. First, KPIs/ KRAs are to be declared in March(beginning of appraisal year) then midterm evaluation is done which is compulsory in October and finally in March evaluation on performance of the employees is done. Employees get certain percentage of PAT based on their grades or marks of the appraisal. Earlier Appraisal was done on paper. Forms were distributed to the employees wherein they used to fill in the KPIs and then submit it. This system reported delay in recording appraisal reports. Low priority is accorded to recording appraisal reports as there was no visible accountability for delays. Inadequate time and attention was given to the process and last minute rush efforts were experienced. But now ONGC follows e-PAR which has distinct advantages: Streamlining of PAR process Uniform application of Company Policy Reduced Cycle- time and adherence to time schedules Enhanced data security and confidentiality Authenticity and audit trail of transactions Availability of on-line information System driven control and monitoring mechanism Performance based rewards and incentives for future The appraisal process constitute of one appraise and appraiser. Appraisee is the employee who fills the PAR form and submits it. Appraiser decides the KRAs/ KPIs with the employee then mid- term review is done. This is the duty of Reporting Officer. Then it is forwarded to the Reviewing Officer, who reviews it and then forward for co- review (in special cases) otherwise directly to the Moderating Officer. He sends it to Accepting Officer who accepts and forwards it to central PAR Section in Dehradun. (Refer Annexure 2) Circular of Roll out of e- PAR It suggested KPIs is issued first wherein dates are declared for joint setting of KPIs by Appraisee Appraiser. Commitment is made by the HRD group that a suggested list of KPIs applicable to different functional areas would be made available accordingly. HRD constituted a multidisciplinary committee comprising HR planners, corporate HRG and corporate PAR. This committee held detailed deliberations and consulted senior executives of different functional areas across the organization and come out with an exhaustive list of suggested KPIs. All Assessors and assesses may use the table during the process of setting KPIs. PAR DISCLOSURE, APPEAL AND COUNSELLING (A).Disclosure of PAR: The following information on PAR assessment would be shared with the employee on completion of PAR Final grades and marks given by the accepting Officer. Adverse comments (if any) Specific advice to be communicated for improvement (if any) Communication: The communication should be within 15 days of completion of PAR and in the form of system generated message in case of e-PAR. (B). Appeal and Review : Appeal may be preferred by aggrieved employees against assessed PARs as well as having adverse remarks/entry. Aggrieved employee may appeal once per assessment year directly to the Appellate Authority, through local PAR officer, instead of submitting through proper channel. The local PAR officer shall keep record and forward the same to concerned Appellate Authority, with intimation to Corporate PAR office. Appellate Authority (AA) : The designated Appellate Authority based on the reporting hierarchy have been defined in Annexure 3 and 4. While the hierarchy in the route has been defined in the table, Appellate authority must be minimum one rank higher than the Accepting Authority in any case. Each Appellate Authority shall constitute Appeal Review Committee (ARC) under him/ her comprising of representative of functional areas, with 3 members in each committee. In case Appellate Authority is at the level of GM or L- II, the members should not be below the level of E6 and for all other Appellate Authorities, members should not be below the level of E7. The meeting of the ARC shall be convened by each Appellate Authority once in a year preferably in the month of September/October, as the closing month of PAR process is generally August. The ARC may seek PAR record from respective location PAR Officer/ Corporate Officer, as the case may be. The Committee may also obtain views/recommendations of the concerned authorities involve in the assessment of the PAR, for which appeal is preferred, if needed. Based on the recommend ation of the respective ARC, the Appellate Authority shall finally decide on appeal. In case of Appellate Authority comprises of two directors, they may jointly decide on the appeal. If Appellate Authority considers and find reasonable grounds for revision of PAR grade on appeal made by aggrieved employee, such revision shall only be one step higher or lower to that of original grades for all categories. Any revision beyond one level or below will be decided by one level higher than the appellate authority, highest appellate authority being EC. For this proper justification /recommendation have to be given by the Appellate Authority. The decision of the Appellate Authority shall be conveyed to the Corporate PAR office / location PAR office, as the case may be, who in turn shall communicate to the employee in the Performa at Annexure5.The decision of the Appellate Authority shall be binding forever. No further appeal shall be entertained for the same assessment year. Each Appellate A uthority shall forward a status report on the disposal of Appeal to the Corporate PAR office for onward submission to the Director (HR). (C). Counselling: It has been decided in the 353rd EC Meeting to provide counselling to the employees with B, C, D grades and those cases having recommendations for counselling in the PAR. Scope of Counselling Group: The Counselling may be continued as an integral part of PAR process for widening employees development opportunities. The Counselling Group shall not review the final grading of the appraisee, assigned to him/ her by Accepting/ Moderation Authority. The Counsellors during the interviews of the employee shall ascertain the reasons, system constraints and the behavioural dimensions of the employees and efforts shall be made to develop self awareness for correcting personality traits. The Counselling Group shall send a report on each case to the office of Chief HRD. The Counselling Groups are to be assisted by the Corporate PAR officer at the counselling locations. The formation of Counselling Committees is depicted in Annexure 6. SAP- HR MODULE Scope of SAP- HR Module: 1) Personnel Administration Module (Including Establishment and Loans) Personnel Administration Module takes care of employee master data. Various PA processes have been built in this module. This module includes the loans and advances processes also. 2)Time Management Module Time Management Module takes care of Employees Leaves etc related processes. The Time Management component offers support in performing all human resources processes involving the planning, recording, and valuation of employees work performed and absence times. 3) Payroll Payroll module takes care of personnel claims, month end payroll run and pay slip generation. Form 16, Form 24 and all statutory statements related to personal income tax is also taken care by the payroll module. The System calculates the gross and net pay, which comprises the individual payments and deductions that are calculated during a payroll period, and are received by an employee. These payments and deductions are included in the calculation of the remuneration using different wage types. 4) Organisation Management Module: This module defines Organisational Hierarchy, positions, Head of sections etc and also deals with assigning employees to various departments / sections etc through proper positions. 5) SAMPARC:(ESS MODULE) SAMPARC stands for (System for Automated Management of Personnel Activities, Reimbursements and Claims) the employee self service portal of ONGC. Using ESS reports an employee can view his career details, leave details, training booking details etc using an ESS User Id. He can also write a mail to his personnel administrator if he detects any error in data recorded in the system. Getting started with SAP: On your PC, find the SAP Logon pad icon. The icon style varies deepening on the SAP version installed in your PC. To open Logon Window: Double click on the Toolbar SAP Logon on above Screen. Following Logon window shall open on your screen: This window lists all available servers to which you can Login with your user ID. Double click on the desired server name or click on the line and then click on Log On. After a brief delay, following window shall open on your screen : To open the SAP Easy Access window : Enter your client number (It will always show 500 by default). Enter your SAP User ID. Enter your SAP User Password. Please remember that the Password is case sensitive. Press Enter on your Keyboard. SAP Easy AccessWindow Elements The SAP Easy Access user menu is the user-specific point of entry into the SAP System. A typical user menu (here, in the R/3 System) is shown below : The user menu contains those items such as transactions ,workflows, reports etc. you need to perform your daily tasks. If your system administrator has defined a user menu, it appears when you log on to the system. Various elements of the SAP Easy Access Window are shown above. Navigating in the SAP Screen You can expand and collapse menus in the workplace menu by choosing the dropdown arrows to the left of the menu items, as in the example below : To open an application in the workplace menu : Type the transaction code in the command box / field and then press Enter, or Navigate to the transaction node in the tree and Double-click its node in the tree, or Click on node and then press Enter Some Important SAP Definitions in ONGC Context Company Code: The company code is an organizational unit within financial accounting (FI). Personnel Area This field defines the location of the employee, e.g., ABAD (Ahmedabad), BRDA (Baroda), etc. Personnel Sub-area This field defines the duty assigned to the employee, e.g., OFDT (Office Duty), FLDT (Field Duty), OSDT (Offshore Duty), etc. Employee Group This field defines the employment status of the employee, e.g., Active, Retiree, Deputation-in etc. Employee Subgroup This field defines the Grade of the employee, e.g., E1, E2, E3, etc. Personnel Number This field defines the CPF Number of the employee. Pay roll Area: A payroll accounting area (often abbreviated to payroll area) is an organizational unit containing all of the employees for whom the payroll runs at the same time. The payroll accounting runs for payroll accounting areas. Each payroll accounting area determines the specific dates for which the payroll runs, the earliest payroll period for which retroactive accounting is possible, retroactive accounting recognition, and the periods for which the payroll runs. Organization Unit This field defines the Department / Section within the Organizational structure in which the employee is working, e.g., ICE, IRS, Drilling, etc. Position This field defines the post, which the employee is occupying within the organizational structure, e.g., Manager PA, Location Manager AMD Cementing, etc. Infotype: In SAP information is stored in info types. An Infotype can have further subtypes. Click here to view the list of Infotype being used in ONGC. Common SAP Transaction Codes used in ONGC Sr No. Transaction Codes Transaction Description 1 SBWP Mail Inbox 2 PA20 Display HR Master Data 3 PA30 Maintain HR Master Data 4 PA40 Personnel Actions 5 ZPT60 HR TIME : Time Evaluation 6 PP01 Maintain Object 7 PP03 Maintain Plan Data : Execute Actions 8 PO13 Maintain Position 9 ZHRCON Seniority Program for Conveyance advances 10 ZHRHBA Seniority Program for HBA 11 PA41 Correct Actions 12 PT50 Quota Overview 13 PU03 Correct PDC Recalculation Date 14 SU50 Maintain User Profile 15 SU56 Authorisation in buffer 16 SU53 Display Authorisation data (in case of authorisation failure) SAP ICONS Icons Keyboard Description When to Use Enter Enter To enter Data and check its validity. Ctrl + S Save To save Data. F3 Back To go to the previous screen. Shift + F3 Exit To return to Standard SAP Menu. F12 Cancel To cancel the present transaction. F1 Help To seek help to proceed. Page Down Next Page To scroll to next page. Page Up Previous Page To scroll to previous page. Ctrl + Page Up First Page To scroll to first page. Ctrl + Page Dn Last Page To scroll to last page F5 Print To print the selected information. Ctrl + F Find To find a certain alphabet, number, word or sentence. Ctrl + G Find Next To display the next hit made by Find above. Ctrl + X Cut To cut the selected matter. Ctrl + C Copy To copy the selected matter. Icons Keyboard Description When to Use Ctrl + V Paste To paste the cut or copied matter. Creates a new session To open a new SAP window to work on another transaction. Generates a short cut on desktop To generate a short cut on desktop. Alt + F12 Customizing of Local Layout To customize Local Layout. F8 Execute To run a programme. F5 Create To create a new record. F6 Change To change an existing record. F7 Display To change an existing record. Shift + F9 Copy To copy the selected matter. Shift + F1 Delimit To limit the end date of an existing record. Shift + F2 Trash To delete the selected matter. Shift + F8 Maintain Overview To view all the records within an infotype of an individual. F5 Move To move an object from one place to another in an Organisational Structure. Ctrl + Shift + F9 Change Sequence To move an object through the hierarchy in an Organisational Structure. Ctrl + F3 Refresh To refresh the data. Ctrl+Shift + F12 Collapse To hide all the contents of a data structure. Icons Keyboard Description When to Use Shift + F8 Structural Graphics To display a data structure in a graphical manner Ctrl + Shift + F2 Details To display the Details of a particular record. Shift + F2 Delete To delete a row from the displayed table. Ctrl + F2 Undo To undo the previous action. F7 Select All To select all the elements of the displayed table. F8 Select Block To select a specified block of elements of the displayed table. Shift + F4 Deselect All To remove the selection of all the elements of the displayed table. Enter Continue To continue with the current process. F12 Cancel To stop cancel the current process. Shift + F6 Previous Record To open the previous record. Shift + F7 Next Record To open the next record. SAP Mails How to read and write a SAP mail Begin the process by accessing the following Transaction in SAP Via SAP Standard Menu User menu Office SAP Business Workplace Via Transaction Code SBWP SAP Mails: SAP mails provide us a facility to write and read mails. All the incoming mails are stored in the INBOX. All the mails written by the User are stored in the OUTBOX. SAP Workflows: SAP workflows are tools to decide on a business process. The user will have to display and then execute the workflow to get the decision options. All the incoming workflows are stored in the INBOX. All the workflows executed by the User are stored in the OUTBOX. Following steps describe the process of using SAP Mails: Reading a Mail Click on the folder INBOX. You will find two subfolders; Unviewed Documents and Documents. Go to Unviewed Documents. Click on Update. Select the mail you want to read. Double Click on the Message Text. The message will appear on the screen. The same can now be replied by pressing push button Reply. The user can also use option Reply with reference if he/she wants the received message text to appear below his reply. Writing a Mail Click on New Message. A new screen Create Document and Send will appear. Write the Message title and Message text. Write the USERID of the receiver(s) at the recipient fields. To send an express message Enter a tick in the Express mail checkbox. Now click on the send icon. Three- Level Authorisation in HR The authorization checks are built into the system for all the processes. The process of authorization checks are common for all the Business Processes except for the loan process explained separately, and hence describing each business process in detail. Dealing Officer does the initial data entry as described step by step in this User Manual. On saving the complete transaction by the Dealing Officer a SAP mail is generated internally in the system addressed to the P A Administrator maintained in the Organisation Assignment for the employee transacted upon. The Dealing Officer must ensure that the correct data is entered in Position and Personnel Administrator Fields, As these fields decide the SAP Mail flow to the P A Administrator. The SAP mail is of executable type. The P A Administrator need to double click on the mail and then selecting from the Menu Document , should choose the Execute button. This invokes the screen where the dealing officer has done the data entry or the overview of the infotype screen. On the first screen P A Administrator needs to click the Button Execute Info Group. This will invoke all the screens in sequence where Dealing Officer has done the data entry. In case there in no Infogroup for the particular process then he should straight way press the unlock button and save the record. The P A Administrator can check the data entered and can change the data if found to be incorrect. If the P A Administrator finds the data to be correct then he just needs to save the data (By clicking on Save icon on top of screen or by Pressing Ctrl-S) without changing the data. When Dealing Officer keys in the data and saves it, the data is stored in the system in locked mode. The data will not be visible in any of the reports. By saving the data on each screen by P A Administrator, the system internally unlocks the record and saves it. The Dealing Officer and P A Administrator do not have any Delete authorisation in the system. For security measures the delete authorization has been provided to the Highest Authority only, of that location. In case the Dealing Officer or P A Administrator needs to delete some record then they need to inform the Highest Authority for deleting the record. After unlocking the data by the P A Administrator, the data can only be viewed by the Dealing Officer. At this stage the Dealing Officer if tries to change or delete the data the system gives an error message. At this stage the P A Administrator can change the data. Auto forwarding the mails or workflow Start the transaction using the menu path or transaction code. Click (Or use T Code SBWP). Select SettingsOffice settings. A popup will open as under. Click on the tab. Page will change as shown below. Click (Create icon) . Automatic Forwarding As required, complete/review the following fields: Field Name R/O/C Description Forward to R SAP User ID of the person to who you wish to forward. Example: 12345 From R Start Date of forwarding period To R End date of forwarding period Click . Click (After entering the period for which you want the auto forwarding of the mails). The Hiring Process 1. Start the transaction using the menu path or transaction code. SAP Easy Access User menu for EHEAD 2. As required, complete/review the following fields: Field Name R/O/C Description Command box R Type the Transaction Code PA40 in the command box Example: /nPA40 Personnel Actions 3. As required, complete/review the following fields: Field Name R/O/C Description CPF No R Put the CPF no to be allotted. Example: 1234 From R Put the date of Joining ONGC. Example: 20.03.06 4. Click to execute. Screen for Infotype-0000 (Actions) appear. Create Actions 5. As required, complete/review the following fields: Field Name R/O/C Description Reason for action R Choose the appropriate Reason for action from F4 Help. If it is DOD case, then choose this option in reasons. Example: Business Growth. Personnel Area R Choose the personnel area from F4 Help. It should be your own Personnel Area. Example: JORD. Employee Group R Select the Employee group applicable to the employee from F4 Help. Example: 1-Active employee. Employee subgroup R Select the Employee subgroup applicable to the employee from F4 Help. Example: E1 Create Actions Press Enter and the save the information when the system prompts to do so. Click to save the record. 6. Create Organizational Assignment : Next appears screen for Infotype-0001. You need to capture his posting details in this screen. This is one of the critical infotype which determines access of an employee. 7. As required, complete/review the following fields: Field Name R/O/C Description Position R Give a Position for the employee. If you do not know the exact position, then you may give Transferee Position as a temporary measure. (you can use PPOM_OLD to find vacant position or create new position) Example: 90000124 PersAdmin R PersAdmin is the E Head code where his file will be maintained Example: RSN PayrAdmin R PayrAdmin is the code of associated PCS Head of the E Head above. Example: YTJ Subarea R Select the applicable Subarea from F4 list Example: OFDT/ FLDT Create Organizational Assignment Keep pressing enter till system prompts you to SAVE. Now save the record. Click to save the record. 8. Create Personal Data : Next comes the screen for Personal Details Infotype-0002. You will capture personal details of the employee like his name, DOB, etc. in this screen. As required, complete/review the following fields: Field Name R/O/C Description Form of addr R Select applicable Form of addr. Example: Mr/ Mrs/ Ms Last name R Last name is mandatory Example: Judson First name R Enter the First name. Pl be careful in entering the name as you will not be able to change it later. Example: Vineet Birth date R Enter the Date of Birth Example: 15.10.1978 Birthplace R Name of Birthplace. Example: Delhi Mar.status R If you select Mar. status as married, then Date of marriage is mandatory Example: Single State R State of birth. Example: Delhi Religion R Religion of the employee. Example: Christian Keep pressing enter till system prompts you to SAVE. Now save the record. Click to save the record. Please note that once you have created Infotype-0000, 0001 and 0002 while hiring, then employee name will appear next time you type their ID /CPF in PA30 or PA20 screen. This means that even if you could not complete the hiring for some reason in the first attempt, like say broken connectivity, you will be able to complete the hiring later by creating the necessary infotypes in PA30. But if you could not complete steps upto infotype-0002, then you will not be able to complete the process later in PA30 or PA41. In such a situation you need to contact the core team. 9. Create Challenge: Screen for Infotype-0004 for recording physical handicap status appears next. If the employee has some physical handicap or have been hired in PH category, then you need to capture it in this infotype. As required, complete/review the following fields: Field Name R/O/C Description Challenge group R Description of the Challenge group. Example: Visually handicapped Degree of challenge R Description of the Degree of challenge. Example: 25% If the Infotype is not applicable to the employee then Click on to cancel and proceed. 10. Create Family/Related Person: Screen for creating family details infotype-0021opens next. This infotype is used to capture the information pertaining to the family members of the employee and their dependency status on the employee for different purposes. Select the relation / relative for which the record is to be created. A popup with subtypes (applicable relationship type) for infotype-21opens. Subtypes for infotype Family/Related Person (1) 15 Entries found On selecting the appropriate the relationship type, the screen for infotype-21 opens. As required, complete/review the following fields: Field Name R/O/C Description First name R Give the first name of the relative Example: Father Last name R Give the last name of the relative Example: Judson Date of birth R Give the Date of birth of the relative Example: 01.05.1946 Gender R Choose the appropriate gender Marital / employment status R Required if family member is a Girl Child. In case of Girl Child, make it SINGLE if daughter is unmarried. In case the daughter is married, then choose option MARRIED and also put Date of Marriage. Dependency R Click on against the medical dependency/ LFA dependency / CEA dependency, if applicable. Also click on the relevant income group for the dependent in case of parents. Spouse employment status O If spouse is employed in ONGC, then enter her CPF no. If she is employed in other PSU / Govt agency then record it here. Create Family/Related Person Keep pressing enter till system prompts you to SAVE. Now save the record. Click to save the record. Create Family/Related Person Create all the family members of the employee in the same manner. If E Head is creating the records, then he needs to lock the record manually before saving. For this go to main menu Edit Lock / Unlock. Please note that the Number appearing against Family member type is system generated. This system generated no. controls eligibility for various claims. Therefore all children of an employee should be captured irrespective of their eligibility for claims like CEA. If you maintain their records, system logic will automatically decide their eligibility. Thus even if some of the children had become ineligible at the time of hiring the employee in system, they should still be captured in system The subtype popup of infotype-21 screen keeps appearing repeatedly to facilitate creation of all relatives. Once all family members have been created, you can skip this infotype by closing the subtype popup. 11. Create Addresses: Screen for infotype-006 for creating Addresses opens next. Here also a popup with all possible subtype (type of addresses) appear. Subtypes for infotype Addresses (1) 22 Entries found Select the Address from the list. To select Double-click on it, e.g., we select . As required, complete/review the following fields: Field Name R/O/C Description c/o O Address line1 Example: ABCD Street/House no. O Street/House no. Example: 1234 2nd address line O Address line2 Example: XYZ PIN/ViI./Town/City R The filed with tick mark is mandatory Example: Delhi District O District Region O Region is state name Example: Delhi Keep pressing enter till system prompts you to SAVE. Now save the record. Click to save the record. The popup of subtype opens again. Now we will create another record for Home Town. Double-click to select it. Create Addresses As required, complete/review the following fields: Field Name R/O/C Description c/o O Address line1 Example: ABCD PIN/ViI./Town/City R The filed with tick mark is mandatory. Maintain hometown name here. This will appear in his LFA order. Pl be careful as you will not be able to change it, even for spelling mistake. Example: Delhi Region O Name of the state where his hometown is located Example: Delhi Nearest Railway Station R The Nearest Railway Station to his hometown. Example: Delhi Nearest Airport R The Nearest Airport to his hometown. Example: Delhi Keep pressing enter till system prompts you to SAVE. Now save the record. Click to save the record. Nomination Details can also be created in the same manner. All required nomination are maintained in system in Address infotype as various subtypes. E.g. we will create a PRBS nominee. Select from the subtype popup. Create Addresses As required, complete/review the following fields: Field Name R/O/C Description c/o O Address line1 Example: ABCD Street/House no. O The Street/House no.. Example: 1234 PIN/ViI./Town/City O Maintain the city name here. Example: Delhi Account type R Should be same as that of the subtype selected. No F4. Just type out the text. Example: PRBS Percentage R Description of the Percentage. Example: 100 Relation R Select from the F4 list. Details like nominee name and age etc. will get populated automatically. Example: 2 -child Guardian R This section opens for data entry only if the nominee maintained above is minor (= 18 years of age). In such case, maintain the guardian detail. Example: Father Press Enter till the system prompts to save the record. Similarly other Nomination Details can also be created for the employee. Click to save the record. The subtype popup of infotype-0006 screen keeps appearing repeatedly to facilitate creation of all addresses. Once all addresses have been created, you can skip this infotype by closing the subtype popup. 12. Create Planned Working Time : Screen for infotype-0007 opens next. In normal cases, this infotype opens with all the values pre-populated. You need to check the following: That the Start date of the record should be same as the Date of Joining ONGC If the DOJ ONGC 01.01.2004, then the Time Management Status is 7 Default Work Schedule Rule is ONSH ONGC WS RULE NORMAL, which Normal Duty Pattern. You can change this if employee is hired for ON-OFF duty pattern from the F4 drop down. What you maintain here decided as to how his leaves like EL HPL are to be deducted. Once you Press Enter, following fields gets populated at the bottom section: Daily working hours Weekly working hours Monthly working hr Annual working hours Weekly workday Press Enter. Save the record when system prompts. Click to save the record. 13. Create Monitoring of Tasks: Screen for infotype-19 opens next. Press Enter and the system shall populate the values for the date of Completion of Probation and Date of Retirement. Save both this date type and go to next infotype. For employee group GT (EG=G)and Tenure based employee (EG=T) two more task type GT Training Completion Date and T1 Tenure Completion date respectively should also be saved. (Please note down the system generated Date of Retirement. You will require this later in infotype-41) 14. Create Date Specifications: This is infotype-41. Depending on employees DOJ and employee group (i.e. whether regular or tenure based employee), you will be required to maintain some date types and dates. The details are given under: Date Type Date Applicable employee group / type ZL Date of hiring All N0 Date of retirement All ZP Date of joining PRBS. It is DOJ if joined after 1.4.1990 All NT Tenure Completion date Tenure employee (EG=T) ZT Tenure Start Date Tenure employee (EG=T) SG Start of GT Training Graduate Trainee (EG=G) ZG Completion of GT Training Graduate Trainee (EG=G) Press Enter. Save the record when system prompts. Click to save the record. 15. Create Educational Qualification: Next opens screen for infotype-9022. Educational qualification of the employee is to be captured here. The Start date of the record can not be less than the date of certificate date. Enter the Qualification code, Certificate date, University/ Board, Institute, Duration of the course, Division and enter till the system prompts to save. As required, complete/review the following fields: Click on the F4 help of Qualification Code field. A small popup opens Qualification Standard Click on to get the F4 help. A new popup with list of qualifications opens as under. Qualification Standard Code (1) 67 Entries found Double-click on the desired qualification to select it. e.g. we select . Now you will see that the selected qualification standard code appears in the popup as under. Qualification Standard: Press enter. A new list of qualification codes conforming to the qualification standard chosen earlier will open. In this example, as we have selected Engineering Graduate as qualification standard, a new list will display all engineering graduation degrees in system, viz. BE (Civil), BE (Mech), etc. Qualification Details (1) 85 Entries found Double-click on the desired qualification to select it. Now you will be taken back to the initial screen of infotype 9022. You will also see that the selected qualification code is appearing. If you press enter now, the details of the selected qualification code will appear. You are also required to fill certain other information in the screen as under: Field Name R/O/C Description Duration R Duration of the course. Example: 4 Unit Of Duration R Unit Of Duration of the course. Example: Years Cert. / Mark sheet Date R Cert. / Mark sheet Date is date of acquiring the qualification. Example: 30.05.05 University / Board R Name of the University / Board. Example: IP UNIV Institute R Name of the of the Institute. Example: XYZ INSTT Class/Div. R Class/Div. obtained Example: FIRST Create Educational Qualification Press Enter. Save the record when system prompts. Click to save the record. The infotype-9022 screen keeps appearing repeatedly to facilitate creation of all qualification. Once all qualification records have been created, you can skip this infotype by cancelling the screen. Click on to cancel and proceed. 16. Create Qualification Level: Screen for infotype-9024 opens next to capture qualification level as per MRPR80. As required, complete/review the following fields: Field Name R/O/C Description Qualification Level As per rule. R Description of the Qualification Level. Example: Q1 Press Enter. Save the record when system prompts. Click to save the record. 17. Create Other/Previous Employers: This is screen for infotype-0023. If employee had previous work experience or say ex-serviceman, then capture this information here. Else cancel the Screen and proceed. Click on to cancel and proceed. 18. Create Territorial Army Service: This is screen for infotype-0081. If the employee is a member of Territorial Army, then capture the details here. Enter the Period, Service Type, Military Rank, Unit etc for the employee. Enter the data and save the infotype. If not applicable, click on to cancel and proceed. 19. Create Communication: You can capture communication details like Email, Telephone No, Cell Phone etc. You can skip this screen if no data is available. For this, click on to cancel and proceed. 20.Create Designation Infotype: This is screen for infotype-9930. Select the Applicable Discipline and Sub-Discipline for the concerned employee using the F4 help. As required, complete/review the following fields: Field Name R/O/C Description Discipline R Select the Discipline. Example: MECHANICAL Sub Discipline R Select the Sub Discipline. Example: MECHANICAL Click on in the designation field. This will display the list of designations for the applicable discipline and sub-discipline at the employee level. (You can see that the level is displayed in grey alongside the applicable RP code) DESIGNATIONS To select the designation, double click on it. Now you need to fill the employee category. Create Designation Info type. As required, complete/review the following fields: Field Name R/O/C Description Category R Description of the Category. Example: GENERAL Keep Pressing Enter till system prompts to save. Click to save the record. 21. Create Requisite Declarations: This is screen for infotype-9916. Capture the details of declarations submitted by employee at the time of joining. Click on for those documents which are submitted by the employee at the time of Joining. Create Requisite Declarations Keep pressing Enter till the system prompts to save. Click on to save the record. This completes the sequence of info type that constitutes Hiring action. You will be taken to PA40 Create Actions screen. If you can see the employee name in the screen, then you have successfully hired an employee in the system. This completes the Hiring Action. CONCLUSION According to my study, I found that the employees of O.N.G.C are very much satisfied with the training system of their organization. Employees of all the level think that training system of the organizations is well planned and they enhance their knowledge by attending the workshops/ training. So we can also conclude that ONGC have a highly well managed training system and employees of this organization are very much satisfied with their working environment and give more concentration to their work. And the whole Appraisal process is systematic with data security and authentication. The whole process is transparent with unbiased appraisers. Appraisal system is totally performance based. And if any employee is not satisfied with his / her grades, provisions are made for Appeal to the Appellate Authority. The process is time consuming but best result is expected. ONGC has evolved and grew with the change in technology and they have adapted themselves with new technologies. Since 2008, Centralized SAP functioning started in ONGC, for every department and for every office. SAP has helped to store, retrieve, and process data in a simpler, faster and secure manner. Every department says that with the introduction of SAP their workload has reduced and way of working also changed. Finally I would conclude my analysis that the HR practices I have understood there practically helped the organization to grow in the global market as well as helped the individuals / employees for their personal growth.

The Supreme Challenge To Us Healthcare Nursing Assignment - 2200 Words

The Supreme Challenge To Us Healthcare Nursing Assignment (Essay Sample) Content: THE SUPREME CHALLENGE TO US HEALTHCARENAME:INSTITUTION:COURSE: THE SUPREME CHALLENGE TO US HEALTHCAREIntroductionThe USA spent about $2.8 trillion on its healthcare system in 2012 (Lyons, 2016). This accounts for more than 17 percent of its gross domestic product. When compared to other developed countries, the healthcare expenditure per capita was higher in 2012. Although the US spend such an enormous amount on healthcare, most of its residents had no health insurance, and when several aggregate measures of data from other developed countries were compared to the US, they were superior to those of the USA.Some of the key drivers to America's high healthcare costs include an increase in numbers of people with and the prevalence of chronic diseases, medical technologies, high intensity of care, lack of evidence on the effectiveness of treatment options and lack of patient engagement.The unexpected health outcomes recorded in the US are also attributed to problems with access to health care, gaps in medical coverage and unhealthy lifestyles.The US Government plays a major role in making sure healthcare is affordable and accessible to all its residents. Among high-income countries, the US is the only one without nearly universal health care coverage (Phillips, 2015). Some of the roles include:Apart from Medicare and Medicaid, the US has attempted to achieve universal healthcare since the 1940s. Medicare and Medicaid provide coverage for pregnant women, poor and near-poor residents, seniors, children and persons with disabilities. Some form of progress towards universal care was established with the execution of the Affordable Care Act. Although the Act requires almost all legal residents be insured, it is expected that only a part of inhabitants who are not insured will get coverage.Through the Affordable Care Act key provisions are provided that enhance the facilitation of quality health care while ascertaining accessibility to the vulnerable in s ociety. The enlargement of Private Insurance Coverage to cover the vulnerable assists the poor in accessing health care. Furthermore the Act provides subsidies to assist individuals and families to purchase the required health insurance through health care exchanges. The persons and families have an obligation to have incomes below 400% of the federal poverty level to get subsidies ("Provisions of the Affordable Care Act, By Year", 2010). It also has a requirement that all residents and documented immigrants have health insurance. Failure to have the coverage will result in penalties after the phase-out period ends in 2016. The Act expanded the Medicaid coverage to every person with revenue below 138 percent of the federal poverty level. The expansion was made optional at the state level after a ruling by the Supreme Court. The national government will cover all the related costs for the first few years and reduce 10 percent successively (Soni, Hendryx Simon, 2017).Moreover it prov ided for the formation of an Independent Advisory Board that will make recommendations to contain an increase in the fee for service Medicare costs if they exceed the growth in GDP by more than 1 percent. The Act included the stipulation for reductions in capitation rates of Medicare Advantage plans after it was established that the payments for such plans exceeded their costs. The Act introduced incentives and penalties for a high and low quality of the programs, while also offering preventive services will be covered without co-payment with the patient.Health care costs are minimized by current trends in healthcare that enhance quality through adoption of emerging technology. For instance apart from diagnosing diseases, counseling patients and predicting epidemics, Artificial Intelligence has proved its worth in healthcare delivery by enabling a better patient experience. Artificial Intelligence is utilized to make sense of the mass of medical information in healthcare systems, an d tap into the gathered knowledge of diverse healthcare providers and patient visits, thus enabling doctors to analyze which treatments work best and when ("Editorial OverviewThe Role of Information Systems in Healthcare: Current Research and Future Trends", 2011).With the use of AI, physicians can recommend a line of action in clinically challenging situations and also monitor health and medication in chronic conditions.The increase in biomedical innovation has greatly reduced costs in cancer and other chronic diseases. Advances in Proteomics Research have introduced a strategy to study the genome. Rather than analyze the genetic code, the research studies the creation of the genetic code in the form of proteins conveyed by DNA (Moseley, 2001). Since the majority of drugs targets proteins, Proteomics offers a wide range of benefits in the field of drug discovery. To have insight on which cancers are related and how Proteomics is utilized to learn which proteins are up-regulated and down-regulated. When the relationship is established it will give a perfect course for analysis and cure.Advance in proteomics has resulted in the potential identification of mechanisms in neurodegeneration in Alzheimer's disease. Studies using proteomics have produced clues to the proteins involved in pathology including structural abnormalities of significant proteins.Another technological advancement that has influenced healthcare costs is Mobile healthcare, through introducing the concept of an out-of-clinic patient that uses software applications and other wearable devices that are plugged into a Smartphone or tablet. Current trends indicate an increase in Smartphone devices for medical use such as weight scales, blood pressure cuffs and pulse oximeters in patients' homes. The use of Smartphone apps and devices not only records and stores data but also show the data in wide-ranging image formats such as graphs which communicate trends and comprise explanations of relevant rang es of health metric. The apps are enhancing patient engagement through eschewing the need for tedious data collection while emphasizing patient education. Smartphone compatibility has integrated previously dominant medical devices found in hospitals or doctors' offices only into the patients' hands. Devices such as ophthalmoscope for optic disc visualization, otoscope for inner ear visualization, ECG for heart function, stethoscope for body sound analysis and spirometer for lung function are now conducted at home using Smartphone applications (Kabachinski, 2011).Health Informatics is utilized in health care institutions to improve the exchange of information. In addition the use of electronic health records (EHR) will shape the American health care system in the coming years. The meaningful, secure exchange and use of electronic information in healthcare information technology are some of the issues that the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services faces. The challenges of ensur ing privacy and security of healthcare information, encouraging electronic exchange of information and guarding against fraud can be met by practitioners in health informatics. This saves time and minimizes costs of employing more workers in a health care institution. Health informatics involves gathering, storing and sharing medical information. The use of EHR for hospitals and healthcare organizations was legislated under the Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health Act of 2009. It requires Centers for Medicare and Medicaid services to have EHR or risk losing EHR incentives. Hence all HER compatible are able to provide low cost care.The health care industry has Various Stakeholders and Influencers who their actions influence the cost of health care and have major impacts on US health care system. Although the insurance organizations are revenue driven, their style of service ought to not be focused on profit because financial hardships are making it harder to obtain adequate healthcare. The current premiums are very high, and the impact of strict requirements is keeping many people from obtaining health insurance. Since insurance companies focus on profits rather than affordability, they institute tight regulations that result in mostly healthy individuals being selected for their plans. This means the selected patients do not use costly procedures as compared to persons with chronic diseases. The results of the unethical behavior by the companies are reducing health care to a revenue oriented industry thus preventing those who require from accessing it.Due to the reliance of patients on their products, pharmaceutical companies play a critical role in the healthcare system. The lack of caps to prevent the rising prices of drugs from reaching extravagant prices impacts negatively on the healthcare system. Although pharmaceutical companies cite research costs as the reason for higher prices, it is not true. Societies are known to spend mo re on marketing while still attaining exorbitant profits.Physicians not only have a significant role in making sure that patients obtain ample health care, but also in ensuring the growing costs of health care are controlled. It is imperative that they balance their gatekeeper role for insurance companies and advocating for the patient. The intention behind assigning primary care physicians as gatekeeper was to lower the healthcare costs through reducing the tests and referrals. In the current health care setting insurance corporations offer inducements to doctors to order less referrals thus causing healthcare spending to increase.It is the responsibility of patients to ensure their health is fine and control costs. The advance in technology has resulted in patients with insurance asking for the most expensive and advanced treatment that their insurance can cover. Although the most costly treatments are not essenti...